Analisis Valuasi Kekayaan Bersih dalam Praktik Internasional dan Prospek Pengenaan Pajak Kekayaan: Tinjauan Literatur Sistematis dan Implikasinya terhadap Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Indonesia

Abstract

This study examines international practices in the construction and valuation of net wealth as the tax base for wealth taxation and their implications for the Indonesian Financial Accounting Standards (Standar Akuntansi Keuangan/SAK). The research employs a qualitative approach through a systematic literature review following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A search of the Scopus database covering the period 2016–2026 initially identified 768 publications. After removing duplicates and applying screening criteria based on publication period, source quality, abstract availability, title and abstract relevance, and full-text accessibility, 173 studies were included in the final synthesis. The data were analyzed using descriptive, thematic, and comparative approaches, focusing on the classification of assets and liabilities, valuation methods, disclosure and verification practices, behavioral responses, and the relationship between accounting values and fiscal values. The findings indicate that net wealth for taxation purposes is a fiscal construct that is conceptually distinct from equity reported in financial statements. International practices adopt valuation hierarchies tailored to the characteristics of different asset classes: observable market prices for liquid assets; market value, individual appraisal, or administrative value for real property; adjusted net asset value, income-based approaches, and comparable transaction methods for shares in privately held companies; and specialized valuation models for intangible assets, digital assets, and cross-border ownership. The reliability of asset values depends on data quality, consistency of the valuation date, third-party reporting, beneficial ownership identification, periodic value updates, and effective correction mechanisms. The mapping of these practices to the Indonesian Financial Accounting Standards (SAK) suggests that SAK can serve as a reference framework and an initial source of information but cannot function as the sole basis for determining individual net wealth for taxation purposes. Accordingly, the implementation of a wealth tax requires comprehensive fiscal valuation guidelines, reconciliation mechanisms between accounting and fiscal values, and strengthened asset reporting and verification infrastructure.